Alexander III of Macedon,
popularly known as Alexande
ὁ Μέγας or Μέγας Ἀλέξανδρος,
Mégas Aléxandros; 356–323 BC), was an Ancient Greeki[›] king (basileus) of Macedon who created one of the largest empires in ancient history. Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander succeeded his father Philip II of Macedon to the throne in 336 BC after the King was assassinated, and died 13 years later at the age of 32. Whilst both Alexander's reign and empire were short-lived, the cultural impact of his conquests lasted for centuries. Alexander is one of the most well known figures of antiquity, and is remembered for his tactical ability, his conquests, and for spreading Greek civilization into the east.
Philip had brought most of the city-states of mainland Greece under Macedonian hegemony, using both military and diplomatic means. Upon his death, Alexander inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army. He succeeded in being awarded the generalship of Greece and with his authority firmly established, launched the military plans for expansion left by his father. He invaded Persian-ruled Asia Minor, and began a series of campaigns lasting 10 years. Alexander repeatedly defeated the Persians in battle, marched through Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, and Bactria and in the process he overthrew the Persian king Darius III and conquered the entirety of the Persian Empire.ii[›] Following his desire to reach the "ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea", he invaded India, but was eventually forced to turn back by the near-mutiny of his troops, who had tired of war.
Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BC, before having the chance to realize a series of planned campaigns, beginning with an invasion of Arabia. In the years following Alexander's death, his empire was torn apart in a series of civil wars, which resulted in the formation of a number of states ruled by Macedonian nobility. Remarkable though his conquests were, Alexander's lasting legacy was not his reign, but the cultural diffusion engendered by his conquests. The import of Greek colonists and culture to the east, initiated by Alexander, resulted in a new Hellenistic culture, aspects of which were still evident in the traditions of the Byzantine Empire up until the mid-15th century. Alexander himself became legendary, as a classical hero in the mould of Achilles and features prominently in the history and myth of Greek and non-Greek cultures. He became the measure against which generals, even to this day, compare themselves, and his tactical exploits are still taught in military academies throughout the world.iii[›]
Contents[hide]
1 Sources
2 Early life
2.1 Childhood
2.2 Adolescence
3 Philip's heir
3.1 Regency
3.2 Chaeronea
4 Exile and return
5 Accession
6 Balkan campaign
7 Conquest of the Persian Empire
7.1 Asia Minor
7.2 Syria
7.3 Egypt
7.4 Assyria and Babylonia
7.5 Persia
7.6 Fall of the Empire and the East
8 Problems and plots
9 Invasion of India
10 Return from India
11 Last years
12 Death
12.1 Possible causes
12.1.1 Poison
12.1.2 Natural causes
12.2 Fate after death
13 Succession
13.1 The division of the Empire
13.2 Testament
14 Character
14.1 Physical appearance
14.2 Personality
14.3 Megalomania
14.4 Relationships
15 Legacy
15.1 The Successors
15.2 Hellenization
15.3 Influence on Rome
15.4 Legend
15.5 In ancient and modern culture
16 Notes
17 References
18 Sources
18.1 Primary sources
18.2 Secondary sources
Philip had brought most of the city-states of mainland Greece under Macedonian hegemony, using both military and diplomatic means. Upon his death, Alexander inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army. He succeeded in being awarded the generalship of Greece and with his authority firmly established, launched the military plans for expansion left by his father. He invaded Persian-ruled Asia Minor, and began a series of campaigns lasting 10 years. Alexander repeatedly defeated the Persians in battle, marched through Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, and Bactria and in the process he overthrew the Persian king Darius III and conquered the entirety of the Persian Empire.ii[›] Following his desire to reach the "ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea", he invaded India, but was eventually forced to turn back by the near-mutiny of his troops, who had tired of war.
Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BC, before having the chance to realize a series of planned campaigns, beginning with an invasion of Arabia. In the years following Alexander's death, his empire was torn apart in a series of civil wars, which resulted in the formation of a number of states ruled by Macedonian nobility. Remarkable though his conquests were, Alexander's lasting legacy was not his reign, but the cultural diffusion engendered by his conquests. The import of Greek colonists and culture to the east, initiated by Alexander, resulted in a new Hellenistic culture, aspects of which were still evident in the traditions of the Byzantine Empire up until the mid-15th century. Alexander himself became legendary, as a classical hero in the mould of Achilles and features prominently in the history and myth of Greek and non-Greek cultures. He became the measure against which generals, even to this day, compare themselves, and his tactical exploits are still taught in military academies throughout the world.iii[›]
Contents[hide]
1 Sources
2 Early life
2.1 Childhood
2.2 Adolescence
3 Philip's heir
3.1 Regency
3.2 Chaeronea
4 Exile and return
5 Accession
6 Balkan campaign
7 Conquest of the Persian Empire
7.1 Asia Minor
7.2 Syria
7.3 Egypt
7.4 Assyria and Babylonia
7.5 Persia
7.6 Fall of the Empire and the East
8 Problems and plots
9 Invasion of India
10 Return from India
11 Last years
12 Death
12.1 Possible causes
12.1.1 Poison
12.1.2 Natural causes
12.2 Fate after death
13 Succession
13.1 The division of the Empire
13.2 Testament
14 Character
14.1 Physical appearance
14.2 Personality
14.3 Megalomania
14.4 Relationships
15 Legacy
15.1 The Successors
15.2 Hellenization
15.3 Influence on Rome
15.4 Legend
15.5 In ancient and modern culture
16 Notes
17 References
18 Sources
18.1 Primary sources
18.2 Secondary sources
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